Background and Aim: Undesirable appearance of the scar tissue after aesthetic surgery can affect the outcomes and patient satisfaction. In recent years, early laser therapy had been encouraged to reduce the scar tissue formation. However, the available evidence regarding the outcomes of laser therapy utilizing combined lasers are limited. In the current study, the effects of combined laser therapy using pulsed dye laser (PDL ) and fractional CO2 laser on the appearance of the scar tissue after aesthetic surgeries were investigated. Methods: There were 15 patients enrolled in the current study including 13 mammoplasty and 2 abdominoplasty patients. In mammoplasty, each breast was randomly assigned to the laser therapy or control group. In abdominoplasty, split scar design was used. In laser therapy group, at the end of the third postoperative week, PDL 585 nm was radiated. Furthermore, at the end of the sixth week, fractional CO2 laser was radiated. The patients were followed for 6 months after the last laser therapy session. Visual analogue scale was used to rate the appearance of the scar tissues by 3 surgeons blinded to the treatment of scars. The appearance of the scars was determined as poor, fair, good or excellent. Results: VAS averaged 5. 5±, 0. 8 in laser therapy group and 4. 8±, 0. 8 in the control group. The difference was not statistically significant (P=0. 057 ). There was no scar with excellent appearance in the current study. All of the scars were fair and good in the laser therapy group. In the control group, 13 scars were fair. The difference was not significant (P=0. 227 ). Conclusion: Early combined laser therapy using PDL and fractional CO2 laser was associated with improved appearance of the scar tissue in short-term follow up, however, the effects were not statistically significant.

In this paper, based on the rate equations model for injection locked semiconductor ring laser, new equations are developed for modelling the detuning frequency and direct modulation response of the slave laser as well as the amplitude and phase modulation response of the master laser. Results show that by increasing the injection power of the master laser, the dynamic characteristics of the slave laser are improved consequently, locking area range, relaxation oscillation frequency and slave laser direct modulation bandwidth as well as field amplitude and phase of the master laser are enhanced by comparing the result of different modulation schemes. It is observed that master phase modulation configuration provides the largest bandwidth while the output response is considered amplitude of the slave laser (80 times of the slave laser direct modulation frequency response).

The backbone of militarism of the post- Islamic governments in Iran from Samanid to Kharazmshah dynasties had always relied on slave military men and particularly Turk slaves. These elements played a dual role; they asserted themselves as a powerful military arm for these dynasties on the one hand, and were influential in the weakening and toppling their respective governments on the other, and sometimes even took over the power themselves. Upon the attack of Mongols and eventual establishment of Mongol llkhans (tribal chiefs) in Iran (656-736) the role and function of slave military men in the military and political structure of Iran suddenly came to an end. The study of different factors which led to the decline of the power of slave corps during the IIkhanid dynasty is the pivot and basis of this essay.

Pulse Dye laser (PDL) is mainly used to treat vascular lesions but several studies performed in different research centers have shown the efficacy of this safe laser in the treatment of non-vascular lesions as well. The aim of this study was to review, sum up and summarize these studies.PDL is a known alternative for cryotherapy in the treatment of some viral lesions such as periungual warts and molluscum contagiosum. The effect of this laser in the management of inflammatory lesions is not yet known and there have been controversial results. PDL has a very little effect on these dematoses and it is limited to the lesions with a clear vascular component, such as psoriasis and acne. Finally, regarding collagen remodeling and its usage in rejuvenation and in the treatment of hypertrophic scars, keloid and striae, the results from various studies are different and while they confirm its possible effect, more studies have to be conducted in order to determine appropriate treatment parameters.

slave and slavery have been one of the most important social phenomena in Iranian history. Iran Qajar era was a slave society, along with a large number of non-Iranian slaves, some of the men and women and children were mostly rural and tribal Iranians who were taken different ways. The present research seeks to answer the question of why many Iranians were slave in Qajar period? The results of the research show that political instability, the weakness of social security and the economic problems (caused by internal and external causes) were the most important causes of the fall of Iranians into slavery. This research is descriptive-analytic, using historical and archival sources, by the library method and the social history approach.

From the mid seventh century and throughout eighteen century, Britain had the most bulk of slave trade. In 1807, the house of common and Lords ratified the abolition of slave trade following an anti-slavery trade movement which had begun from the last decades of eighteenth century. In response to this question of why the slave trade ended, the slavery scholars have different views. This study concentrates on the role of Quakers who were anti- war and anti- slavery. Quakers became the intellectual leaders of anti-slavery movement while Britain was at war with Franc enjoying a vast social relationship and the social and international conditions. The aim of this study is to answer the question of why and how Quakers, and not the thinkers of the enlightenment era were the forerunners of anti slavery movement. It seems that activists, social interactions and socio-political condition played are the major role players. The anti- slavery movement and its expansion were the results of these basic factors in Britain.